Diagnostics, Free Full-Text
Diagnostics, Free Full-Text
Objective: To establish normative data for nipple-areola complex (NAC) sensibility examined with Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test (SWMT) and two-point discrimination (TPD) in women with varying breast sizes, including women with gigantomastia. We also aimed to identify clinical variables influencing NAC sensation. Methods: A total of 320 breasts in 160 Caucasian women (mean age 33.6 years, SD 11 years) were examined (including 50 hypertrophic breasts). NACs sensation was examined using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWM) and the Weber Two-Point Discrimination Test. Results: The nipple appeared to be the most sensitive part of NAC. In normal-sized breasts, sensation thresholds (SWM) correlated with: age, BMI, history of births, breast size and ptosis (for all locations), breastfeeding history (for nipple and upper areola) and areola diameter (for all locations apart from the nipple). Regression analysis showed that age, cup size and suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance are risk factors for diminished NAC sensation. Sensation thresholds in all NAC locations of hypertrophic breasts were significantly higher compared to normal-sized breasts, while TPD tests did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: We provided normative values of NAC sensation (tactile threshold and TPD) for different NAC areas. Our investigation indicated that SWM are useful diagnostic tools when the following factors are considered while examining NAC sensation: location (nipple vs. areola), age, breast size, suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance, history of births and breastfeeding. Hypertrophic breasts presented significantly higher sensation thresholds for all NAC locations. The report may serve as a reference data for further investigations regarding NAC sensation after different breast surgeries.
DSM
Psychiatry Online
Download Quantum Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnostics Of Human Brain Disorders - Colaboratory
Laboratory Diagnostics, Pathology Lab, Blood Tests, Full Body Chec…
PDF) Beamline, experimental stations and photon beam diagnostics for the hard x-ray free electron laser of SACLA
PDF) Next-generation sequencing diagnostics of bacteremia in septic patients
Rheumatology-Rhumatologie
2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of acute pulmonary embolism developed in collaboration with the European Respiratory Society (ERS)
Page 72 Vehicle Diagnostics Images - Free Download on Freepik
Book Lab Tests at Home from Apollo Diagnostics, Pathology Labs near me
MUCARMUCAR VO6 Professional OBD2 Scanner Car diagnostic tools For Full System Diagnosis 28 Reset ECU Coding Bidirectional Test
Car Diagnostics, Digbeth & Birmingham
